이스라엘의 땅은 누구 소유인가?

사진: 광야의 그늘 

평소 이스라엘의 땅은 국가 소요인가? 아니면 개인 소유인가? 에 대해 궁금했었는데, 오늘 책을 읽다가 해답을 찾았습니다. 사실, 이스라엘 국토의 95%가 국가 소유라는 말을 듣기는 했지만 실제 문헌-자료상의 증거가 없었습니다. 아래 글 (번역할 시간은 없고요)은 이스라엘 국토의 소유에 관한 내용입니다. 짧게 요약하면, 이스라엘 국토는 "국토 관리국"에서 관할하며 개인 혹은 키부츠에 99년간 임대를 합니다. (전에는 50년 희년제도로 임대를 한다고 들었는데 틀렸더군요). 땅은 원칙적으로 국가 소유이며 임대인은 땅에 대한 세금을 매년 국가에 지불해야 합니다. 일반적으로 부동산 투기로 인해 땅값이 상승하는 다른 국가들에 비해 이스라엘은 그럴 가능성이 매우 희박합니다. 이스라엘 정부에서 발행하는 자료에 보니 국토의 92%를 다음 세 기관에서 관리를 하네요. 다만 아랍인과 두르즈인들이 소유하고 있는 땅은 개인 소유로 인정합니다. 첨부파일을 참고하세요. 

1. KKL - Israel National Fund

2. DP - The Development Institute 

3. State       

          In Israel, however, there is one significant difference to this widespread trend of concentration of land and industrialization of farming that is taking place throughout the developed world and in some developing countries. From a legal perspective, the land farmed by the Jews in Israel does not belong to the farmer who farms it. The land belongs to the people of Israel. The individual farmer has only leased the land for 99 years from the institution that represents the people of Israel, either the Jewish Agency before 1948, or the Israeli Land Management Office since then. These laws do not apply to those Arabs and Druze in Israel whose families have owned plots of land for generations; they continue to own their land. 

         

         The Israeli Land Management Office (ILM) was set up after Israel attained independence in 1948, and it manages the land in Israel that was not in private hands when Israel became a state. By law, all of that land belongs to the people of Israel and cannot be sold to private persons or companies. The land of Israel can only be leased to a person or group of persons who will work it. Over the years, ILM took over many of the roles of the Jewish Agency, including the leasing of land to farmers. As with every lease, every year the Jewish farmer must pay rent for the use of the land to the institution that leases the land.

         There seems to be much wisdom in the fact that all land in Israel, and especially land designated for farming will always remain public land. Such an approach diminishes the possibility that a few Jews in Israel will establish large farming estates which will be passed on to their progeny from generation to generation. In many countries, such estates are accompanied by large groups of impoverished landless laborers who supply the labor for farming.

         According to current law, almost all the land farmed by Jews in Israel will always belong to the people of Israel. This law strictly limits the possibility of wealthy people speculating with land. Hence, even if agriculture in Israel becomes partially industrialized, even if some small farmers slowly abandon their fields and rent them out until the end of their lease to large concerns, the land will always belong to the citizens of Israel. All persons involved in farming know that their lease on the land does not have to be renewed. 

(참고문헌: Haim Gordon, Israel Today, Peter lang, 159-160, 2007)

invalid-file